Temperature, as a fundamental and critical environmental parameter, is the temperature vary inside which many chemical reactions and organic processes are optimized, and even the performance of some digital circuits is managed by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature plays a pivotal role in experimentation and engineering, and a big selection of methods have been developed for its detection. เกจวัดแรงดันถังออกซิเจน , temperature measurement and monitoring are key features of scientific research and engineering functions.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to choose a temperature sensor?
How to take care of the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring gadget. It converts warmth (temperature) right into a readable form corresponding to an electrical signal corresponding to current, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument shut up in industry zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical area
Environmental monitoring
Electronic gear
Food and beverage trade
Pharmaceutical industry
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings via an electrical sign. They contain two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature changes. Temperature sensor work is predicated on measuring the voltage across the terminals of a diode. As the voltage increases, the temperature increases accordingly, at which level there is a lower in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that should be in direct contact with the object to be measured in order to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors make the most of different physical properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, current, and so on.) for temperature measurement, and their changes can replicate the temperature of the item to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are most commonly used in industrial, automotive, and on an everyday basis family applications. Because they’re self-powered, they don’t require excitation, have quick response occasions, and can function over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a ring of two completely different steel wires wound collectively to produce a voltage change between the 2 metals that is proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are made from a variety of totally different supplies, allowing temperature sensors to measure completely different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The mostly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all different thermocouples are also designated utilizing the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, just like an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance modifications with temperature. They are normally made from a polymer or ceramic coated with a glass surface, which is why they are cheaper and less accurate than RTDs. There are two main types of thermistors: constructive temperature coefficient (PTC) and negative temperature coefficient (NTC).
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the commonest type and are characterised by a lower in resistance as the temperature will increase. This is as a end result of at greater temperatures, the variety of carriers (electrons and holes) within the semiconductor material will increase, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an working vary of -72.four to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and normal thermistors have an operating range as excessive as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer units with a two-wire methodology with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the precept of measuring temperature by using the property of resistance to change with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature vary. The corresponding temperature can be decided by measuring the resistance.RTDs are normally made from pure metals, particularly platinum, which has superb stability and linearity over a big temperature range.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are brief sufficient that resistance does not affect accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration provides an RTD probe to hold the excitation present, thus providing a way to eliminate line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate drive and sense leads. This is probably the most correct configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher value
Long-term stabilityHigher requirements for current sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are often integrated into built-in circuits (ICs). Two equivalent diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature modifications. IC sensors have a linear response, but they’ve the lowest temperature sensor accuracy. This is because ICs have the slowest response over a slender temperature range (- -70 °C to a hundred and fifty °C).
There are two kinds of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature utilizing the physical properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote digital temperature sensors: measure the temperature of an external transistor. The transistor is positioned away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a device that automatically adjusts the temperature, usually based mostly on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the surroundings. When the measured temperature exceeds or falls below a set point, the thermostat activates or shuts down heating or cooling gear to hold up the specified temperature.
There are many types of thermostats out there, including knob-type, digital, programmable, and smart thermostats to meet the needs of various users.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical system for measuring temperature that takes advantage of the reality that two different metals have totally different coefficients of thermal expansion. When the temperature adjustments, the two metals within the bimetal expand or contract at totally different rates. Since the two metals are tightly certain collectively, this distinction causes the complete bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is usually made right into a spiral or curved shape. As the temperature changes, the diploma of bimetal bending changes, and this alteration may be read immediately as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object with out direct contact with the target surface. They rely on the thermal energy radiated by the thing to measure temperature, the most typical kind being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the depth of infrared radiation emitted by a goal object to determine its temperature. They are ideal for use when an object is transferring or the temperature is merely too excessive or too low, as they do not need to return into contact with the item itself.
Thermal imaging cameras: Thermal imaging cameras are also infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional picture of the temperature distribution on the floor of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are used in a extensive variety of commercial and scientific purposes, including temperature control of digital devices, monitoring of chemical reactions, meals high quality control, and medical diagnostics.
Non-contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of commercial devices
How to determine on a temperature sensor?
Measuring vary: Different temperature sensors have totally different measuring ranges. First decide the temperature range that needs to be measured, and select a sensor that may meet this vary.
Accuracy: Accuracy is one other important choice issue for temperature sensors. Different sensor varieties have totally different accuracies. Typically, RTDs and thermistors have higher accuracies, whereas thermocouples have decrease accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their working environment, similar to humidity, corrosive substances, high strain and different environmental situations.
Application: Application situations require a fast response to temperature modifications, so it is necessary to choose a sensor with a quick response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are supplied with 316 stainless-steel rods and inner wiring coated with powdered ceramic. Screw head kinds are available in two stem types: spring-loaded and welded. The spring-loaded stem is mounted to the underside of the thermocouple sleeve for maximum thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are ideal for liquid functions.
How to keep up the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid excessive environments
Record and analyze knowledge
Summary
Which temperature sensor to use is dependent upon your utility and industry, in case you have any questions about temperature sensors or need temperature transmitter, feel free to contact Apure professional and technical team to provide an answer. We also supply devices for water quality analysis, move meters, stage measurement, strain measurement, ozone generators and temperature controller.
Extended reading:
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Temperature, as a basic and critical environmental parameter, is the temperature vary within which many chemical reactions and biological processes are optimized, and even the performance of some electronic circuits is controlled by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature performs a pivotal position in experimentation and engineering, and a wide selection of methods have been developed for its detection. Overall, temperature measurement and monitoring are key elements of scientific analysis and engineering purposes.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to choose a temperature sensor?
How to keep up the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring system. It converts warmth (temperature) into a readable kind such as an electrical signal similar to current, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument close up in business zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical subject
Environmental monitoring
Electronic gear
Food and beverage business
Pharmaceutical industry
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings by the use of an electrical sign. They include two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature changes. Temperature sensor work relies on measuring the voltage throughout the terminals of a diode. As the voltage will increase, the temperature increases accordingly, at which point there is a decrease in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that have to be in direct contact with the item to be measured in order to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors utilize different physical properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, present, and so on.) for temperature measurement, and their modifications can mirror the temperature of the object to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are most commonly used in industrial, automotive, and on a daily basis household purposes. Because they’re self-powered, they don’t require excitation, have fast response times, and can function over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a hoop of two different metal wires wound collectively to supply a voltage change between the 2 metals that’s proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are produced from a quantity of completely different supplies, permitting temperature sensors to measure totally different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The most commonly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all other thermocouples are also designated using the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, much like an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance adjustments with temperature. They are normally made from a polymer or ceramic covered with a glass floor, which is why they are cheaper and fewer correct than RTDs. There are two major forms of thermistors: optimistic temperature coefficient (PTC) and negative temperature coefficient (NTC).
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the most typical type and are characterized by a lower in resistance as the temperature will increase. This is as a outcome of at larger temperatures, the variety of carriers (electrons and holes) in the semiconductor materials increases, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an operating vary of -72.4 to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and normal thermistors have an working vary as excessive as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer models with a two-wire methodology with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the principle of measuring temperature by using the property of resistance to change with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature vary. The corresponding temperature can be determined by measuring the resistance.RTDs are usually made from pure metals, particularly platinum, which has very good stability and linearity over a big temperature range.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are short sufficient that resistance does not affect accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration provides an RTD probe to carry the excitation present, thus providing a approach to get rid of line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate force and sense leads. This is essentially the most correct configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher value
Long-term stabilityHigher necessities for current sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are normally built-in into built-in circuits (ICs). Two equivalent diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature modifications. IC sensors have a linear response, however they’ve the lowest temperature sensor accuracy. This is because ICs have the slowest response over a slim temperature vary (- -70 °C to a hundred and fifty °C).
There are two types of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature utilizing the bodily properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote digital temperature sensors: measure the temperature of an external transistor. The transistor is situated away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a device that routinely adjusts the temperature, often primarily based on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the surroundings. When the measured temperature exceeds or falls under a set point, the thermostat prompts or shuts down heating or cooling tools to maintain the specified temperature.
There are many forms of thermostats available, including knob-type, digital, programmable, and sensible thermostats to satisfy the wants of various customers.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical gadget for measuring temperature that takes benefit of the truth that two completely different metals have different coefficients of thermal expansion. When the temperature adjustments, the two metals within the bimetal broaden or contract at different rates. Since the 2 metals are tightly sure together, this distinction causes the complete bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is normally made into a spiral or curved form. As the temperature changes, the diploma of bimetal bending adjustments, and this change could be read instantly as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object with out direct contact with the goal floor. They depend on the thermal energy radiated by the object to measure temperature, the most typical type being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the intensity of infrared radiation emitted by a goal object to find out its temperature. They are perfect for use when an object is transferring or the temperature is simply too high or too low, as they do not need to come back into contact with the object itself.
Thermal imaging cameras: Thermal imaging cameras are additionally infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional picture of the temperature distribution on the floor of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are used in a extensive variety of industrial and scientific applications, together with temperature management of digital gadgets, monitoring of chemical reactions, food high quality management, and medical diagnostics.
Non-contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of commercial instruments
How to choose a temperature sensor?
Measuring range: Different temperature sensors have completely different measuring ranges. First determine the temperature range that must be measured, and choose a sensor that may meet this vary.
Accuracy: Accuracy is one other important choice factor for temperature sensors. Different sensor types have totally different accuracies. Typically, RTDs and thermistors have higher accuracies, while thermocouples have decrease accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their operating environment, corresponding to humidity, corrosive substances, excessive strain and different environmental conditions.
Application: Application scenarios require a quick response to temperature changes, so it is essential to select a sensor with a fast response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are equipped with 316 stainless-steel rods and inner wiring coated with powdered ceramic. Screw head kinds can be found in two stem sorts: spring-loaded and welded. The spring-loaded stem is mounted to the bottom of the thermocouple sleeve for maximum thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are good for liquid functions.
How to keep up the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid extreme environments
Record and analyze information
Summary
Which temperature sensor to use is determined by your software and business, in case you have any questions about temperature sensors or want temperature transmitter, feel free to contact Apure professional and technical staff to supply an answer. We also provide instruments for water high quality evaluation, circulate meters, stage measurement, stress measurement, ozone generators and temperature controller.
Extended reading:
Dissolved Oxygen Probe How It Works?
Surface Water vs Groundwater
What Is Municipal Water?
Types of degree measurement transmitters