For years, folks concerned in the oil and gas trade have been innovating and creating ways to get accurate measurements. From extraction to delivery of these uncooked materials, everyone within the enterprise has invested a nice deal of effort to obtain probably the most accurate measurements.
As a result, scientists and engineers have been working exhausting to search out new strategies and techniques to make extra environment friendly metrology methods. Thanks to their hard work, the creation of different move meters was attainable and due to this, the oil and gas industry is still sturdy today.
These flow meters are used by trade (especially gasoline and oil) to calculate the mass move or volume move of fluids. Such functions outline the capacity and type of move meters. Gases, liquids and fluids are measured primarily based on mass flow and volume circulate.
From corrosive subsea environments, offshore production platforms, onshore oil fields or refineries, we now have the flow experience to sort out these robust jobs. Difficult oil and gas move metering challenges such as excessive pressures, pulsating flows, corrosive media and harsh environments are our daily enterprise. We work with many of our upstream and downstream prospects to develop custom circulate solutions for their hardest challenges, handling essentially the most demanding chemical substances in their most distant and dangerous areas. We work with you to enhance process efficiency, cut back pricey manufacturing downtime, and set up real-time monitoring and control.
Table of Contents
Where and the way are oil and gas formed?
Ultrasonic flow meter
Coriolis circulate meter
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Vortex flow meter
Turbine circulate meter
Thermal move meter
Differential flow meter
Positive displacement circulate meter
Oil and gas circulate meter choice
Where and how are oil and gasoline formed?
Before discussing the totally different circulate meters commonly used within the oil and gasoline business, it is necessary to first understand the method of how the business collects raw materials.
Both of those raw supplies exist in numerous geological sources. For probably the most part, pure fuel and oil fields exist on sedimentary rocks such as sandstone and limestone. The major purpose for that is that these materials move easily by way of the rock, making them easier to build up. The capability of the found reservoirs can be decided by their porosity, whereas the production capacity is proportional to their permeability.
To begin the flow, they drill inside these rocks, which is able to make the fluid simpler to extract. To initiate, increase or maintain flow, water is pumped into the rocks, that are normally positioned underground. High strain water is pumped into these rocks, which will increase the move rate and increase fluid extraction. A circulate meter called an Apure electromagnetic circulate meter is used to precisely measure the quantity of water pumped inside the rock.
However, in some circumstances, drilling and pumping is not enough to obtain this material. Most of the oil or gas found in impermeable rocks can’t be shaped in the standard method. These supplies are referred to as “unconventional hydrocarbons,” they usually embrace shale oil, coalbed methane and shale gasoline. Because of the very low permeability of the rocks, accumulation ought to be stimulated to begin the circulate and allow the extraction course of. To do this, a method known as “hydraulic fracturing” is required.
In hydraulic fracturing, a combination of sand and water is pumped into the rock. Due to the high strain, small cracks (fractures) are created, which is in a position to permit the fabric to move freely inside the inspiration. Hydraulic fracturing is accomplished by inflicting these fractures to open to allow the fabric to maneuver, which is the place the sand comes in; opening these fractures, resulting in excessive permeability. To accurately measure the blending of fracturing fluid and components within the mixture, Apure’s electromagnetic move meters are used.
Now that we now have explained an summary of how the oil and fuel trade will get these uncooked materials, the subsequent step is to know how they are measured using different varieties of metering systems.
Ultrasonic circulate meter
Ultrasonic flow meters measure the rate of a fluid flowing by way of a pipe by utilizing sound waves. Once the speed of the fluid slowly will increase, a linear change in its frequency becomes obvious.
Ultrasonic circulate meters can be utilized to measure the flow fee of fluids inside and outdoors of a pipe; the inline design installs the meter inside the pipe, whereas the clamp-on mannequin makes use of a transducer to measure velocity. However, clamp-on models are much less accurate than inline fashions. As a outcome, they’re only used for spot checks to acquire instant measurement outcomes.
Ultrasonic flowmeters and other flowmeters designed for crude oil can be utilized to measure 20-inch pipes inline. In addition, the clamp-on design is appropriate for a lot of various things and is sturdy. Not to say, it requires little or no upkeep.
Coriolis circulate meter
The expertise utilized in Coriolis move meters isn’t the newest in measuring pure substances within the oil and gasoline industry. The first industrial patents for Coriolis flow meters date again to the Nineteen Fifties. However, it was not until 1970 that the appliance of this technology in this field began. Until now, nothing has modified, regardless of enhancements to the meters for more correct measurements.
One of the original designs of the flow meter was that it had a single thin-walled tube. It was very accurate; nevertheless, the practicality of the model was the first issue due to its vibration drawback. To remedy this drawback, the design was modified to a two-tube design as an alternative of one.
Despite going by way of completely different designs, the primary precept of Coriolis move meters never changed. As materials flows through them, inertia is created by way of the oscillating tube and the tube twists. The number of twists is proportional to the mass flow price. This is then measured by the flowmeter transmitter and sensor to produce a linear circulate sign.
There are several advantages to using a Coriolis flow meter. One of them is that it is very correct. These circulate meters are more commonly used to measure varied petroleum merchandise similar to crude oil and natural fuel. The major point of the flow meter is that it primarily measures mass move rather than volume. It is greatest suited to measuring petroleum products as a end result of the principle concern in measuring these products is warmth rather than quantity.
Typically, this type of circulate meter is appropriate for pipes with diameters of 1 to 4 inches. Today, nonetheless, bigger models are extra readily available than ever before. The only drawback of the Coriolis flowmeter could also be that it is costlier than different forms of metering methods. This is worth it as a outcome of it’s inexpensive to take care of than other circulate meters.
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Electromagnetic move meter relies on Faraday’s regulation of electromagnetic induction precept of producing a flowmeter to measure conductive liquids, from its measurement principle could be seen in its limitations: can not measure steam and fuel, the measured medium must be conductive, and the conductivity can’t be lower than 5μs/cm. Its benefit is that it can measure dirty, viscous and corrosive fluids, such as pulp, slurry, sewage, and so forth.. No stress loss attributable to flow detection, large flow range, big selection of caliber, for large diameter pipeline can be used insertion kind electromagnetic flowmeter.
Electromagnetic flowmeter electrode and lining are in direct contact with the measured medium, so for the measured medium corrosive and operating temperature to choose the appropriate electrode and lining materials.
Vortex flow meter
One of essentially the most versatile flow meters, the vortex move meter, can simply measure the flow of gases, liquids, and steam.
In years previous, vortex flowmeters lacked the mandatory approvals for use in trade. However, in 2007, the American Petroleum Institute permitted a draft commonplace for using this flowmeter. Since that time, a quantity of corporations within the trade have been actively working with API to additional develop the standard and its approval.
The commonplace is relevant to liquid, vapor and fuel flows and was expanded for additional use in 2010. Although there is an uncertain future, the design is obvious for the presence of gases and liquids. In recent years, vortex flowmeters have had a limited impact on the market, however the desire for future companies is steadily increasing. However, as a end result of different rivals similar to ultrasonic, differential strain and turbine circulate meters, it has had little impression on the gasoline commerce supply market.
Turbine flow meter
Turbine circulate meters use a mechanical rotor which is hooked up to a shaft inside a pipe. It is then used to measure the amount of the gas, fluid or steam passing via the pipe. As the substance passes via the pipe, the rotor rotates at its pace, depending on the velocity at which the substance is passing via the pipe. The rotational speed ensuing from the rotation of the rotor is determined by way of a sensor or other mechanical method.
Typically, magnetism is used to permit the sensor to take readings from the rotor, with the magnet situated on the outside of the pipe. Through the utilization of a signal, the sensor and transmitter decide the quantity of material flowing in the pipe.
Turbine move meters are very cheap when it comes to pricing. In addition, they offer more correct outcomes when the substance being measured is a fuel or some other material that is freed from debris at low circulate rates.
One disadvantage of utilizing a turbine flowmeter is that it does not adapt nicely to changing move charges, because the mechanical elements can wear heavily and must be replaced instantly. In addition, turbine meters work best when measuring the mass of a gas with unknown traits.
In addition to its makes use of, it’s commonly used as a billing meter to measure gasoline or water in business, industrial and residential buildings. In this respect, however, it competes with volumetric flow meters. The latter is more suitable for measuring pipes of 1.5 to 10 inches in dimension, whereas the turbine flow meter is greatest suited to pipes of 10 inches or extra in dimension.
Thermal move meter
In its primary sense, a thermal move meter measures the speed at which heat dissipates as it’s injected directly right into a gasoline stream. In most cases, thermal flow meters are used completely to measure gases.
The warmth dissipation depends on the composition and temperature of the fuel. When the composition or temperature is minimized or this stage of accuracy is inside acceptable parameters, the thermal flowmeter is the best choice.
Differential flow meter
Like its distant relative, the ultrasonic circulate meter, it additionally measures the circulate by way of the pipe. It differs from other flowmeters in that it makes use of Bernoulli’s equation. In addition, differential move meters use constriction to slow the circulate and pressure of fabric in the pipe.
As the circulate strain slowly will increase, the magnitude of the pressure drop will increase proportionally. The knowledge from this occasion is transmitted over totally different units of pressure readings. Using this info, it is potential to calculate the stress differential to measure the volumetric flow fee.
Differential circulate meters are normally low-cost. And there are also completely different versions for different substances to make accurate measurements for each fluid. However, gases are a particular case as a result of in order to get accurate readings for a particular gasoline, differential flow meters must be used in mixture with different sensors for various components corresponding to temperature, pressure, fuel composition and gasoline density.
Although it is a superb flowmeter in its own proper, industry prefers other kinds of metering techniques. This is especially as a outcome of its inaccuracy in terms of other elements similar to temperature, strain, etc. In addition, so as to obtain essentially the most accurate gasoline measurements, it needs to be utilized in mixture with other sensors or a special model of differential strain flowmeter altogether. Due to the above factors, it is difficult to obtain correct readings. This is principally the reason why the oil and gasoline business prefers different types of metering, particularly when coping with gases.
Positive displacement circulate meter
There are different varieties of optimistic displacement flow meters: oval gear, piston, rotary, diaphragm, chapter-actuated disc and screw.
Volumetric circulate meters can be utilized for quite so much of things involving industrial, industrial and residential applications. They are mostly used to measure gasoline flow. However, turbine flowmeters compete with volumetric flowmeters on this regard. One of its benefits over turbine flowmeters is that it excels at dealing with a steady circulate in pipes 10 inches in diameter or smaller.
Both diaphragm and rotary volumetric flowmeters are usually used to measure gasoline move. The latter is most well-liked over competitors corresponding to Coriolis flowmeters, primarily as a result of volumetric flowmeters do not have the industry approvals required for area purposes.
Oil and fuel circulate meter choice
The primary factors to contemplate in choosing an acceptable flowmeter include: fluid traits, flowmeter traits requirements, set up conditions, environmental conditions, and price.
In addition, the number of flow meters can’t totally pursue high performance and excessive precision, which not solely will increase the acquisition cost, but in addition increases the value of spare elements. It is also essential to consider the calibration and upkeep of circulate meters.
Accurate measurement and regulation of fluid flow is the basis for making certain the security of petrochemical production process, improving product high quality and lowering power consumption. Due to the complexity and variety of flow measurement media, there is not a common kind of flowmeter, no flowmeter can be utilized to any completely different situations of all kinds of media. Each type of flowmeter has its benefits and limitations of measurement, totally different ideas, completely different structures, totally different features of the flowmeter in their respective applicable scope play a role. Therefore, the choice of flowmeter needs to follow the standard specs and selection ideas on the same time complete consideration of various elements affecting circulate measurement.
Extended reading:
Solvent circulate meter
Sewage flowmeter
Ultrasonic move meter working principle
Liquid move meter
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For years, folks concerned within the oil and gas business have been innovating and creating ways to get correct measurements. From extraction to delivery of these raw supplies, everybody within the enterprise has invested a great deal of effort to acquire the most correct measurements.
As a outcome, scientists and engineers have been working hard to search out new strategies and techniques to make extra efficient metrology techniques. Thanks to their onerous work, the creation of different move meters was potential and because of this, the oil and gasoline industry remains to be robust today.
These flow meters are utilized by industry (especially gasoline and oil) to calculate the mass circulate or quantity move of fluids. Such applications define the capacity and type of circulate meters. Gases, liquids and fluids are measured primarily based on mass circulate and quantity circulate.
From corrosive subsea environments, offshore manufacturing platforms, onshore oil fields or refineries, we have the flow expertise to deal with these powerful jobs. Difficult oil and fuel circulate metering challenges corresponding to high pressures, pulsating flows, corrosive media and harsh environments are our every day business. We work with lots of our upstream and downstream prospects to develop customized flow solutions for their toughest challenges, dealing with essentially the most demanding chemicals in their most remote and hazardous areas. We work with you to improve process effectivity, reduce expensive production downtime, and establish real-time monitoring and control.
Table of Contents
Where and the way are oil and gasoline formed?
Ultrasonic circulate meter
Coriolis move meter
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Vortex flow meter
Turbine flow meter
Thermal flow meter
Differential flow meter
Positive displacement move meter
Oil and gas circulate meter choice
Where and how are oil and gas formed?
Before discussing the totally different move meters commonly used within the oil and fuel trade, it may be very important first understand the process of how the trade collects raw materials.
Both of those uncooked materials exist in different geological sources. For the most part, pure fuel and oil fields exist on sedimentary rocks similar to sandstone and limestone. The major reason for this is that these supplies transfer easily through the rock, making them easier to accumulate. The capability of the found reservoirs can be determined by their porosity, while the production capacity is proportional to their permeability.
To begin the move, they drill inside these rocks, which will make the fluid simpler to extract. To provoke, increase or sustain circulate, water is pumped into the rocks, which are normally situated underground. High stress water is pumped into these rocks, which will increase the move rate and increase fluid extraction. A circulate meter called an Apure electromagnetic circulate meter is used to accurately measure the quantity of water pumped inside the rock.
However, in some circumstances, drilling and pumping is not enough to acquire this materials. Most of the oil or fuel present in impermeable rocks cannot be formed in the conventional method. These materials are referred to as “unconventional hydrocarbons,” they usually embody shale oil, coalbed methane and shale gas. Because of the very low permeability of the rocks, accumulation should be stimulated to start out the move and allow the extraction process. To do that, a method known as “hydraulic fracturing” is required.
In hydraulic fracturing, a mix of sand and water is pumped into the rock. Due to the excessive strain, small cracks (fractures) are created, which is ready to allow the fabric to maneuver freely inside the inspiration. Hydraulic fracturing is accomplished by causing these fractures to open to permit the material to maneuver, which is where the sand comes in; opening these fractures, leading to high permeability. To accurately measure the blending of fracturing fluid and additives in the combination, Apure’s electromagnetic circulate meters are used.
Now that we now have defined an outline of how the oil and gas industry will get these raw materials, the subsequent step is to know how they are measured using several types of metering methods.
Ultrasonic flow meter
Ultrasonic circulate meters measure the rate of a fluid flowing via a pipe by using sound waves. Once the rate of the fluid slowly increases, a linear change in its frequency becomes obvious.
Ultrasonic move meters can be used to measure the move fee of fluids inside and outside of a pipe; the inline design installs the meter inside the pipe, while the clamp-on mannequin uses a transducer to measure velocity. However, clamp-on fashions are less correct than inline fashions. As a end result, they’re solely used for spot checks to obtain instant measurement outcomes.
Ultrasonic flowmeters and different flowmeters designed for crude oil can be utilized to measure 20-inch pipes inline. In addition, the clamp-on design is suitable for a lot of different things and is sturdy. Not to say, it requires little or no maintenance.
Coriolis circulate meter
The expertise used in Coriolis circulate meters isn’t the most recent in measuring pure substances within the oil and gasoline industry. The first industrial patents for Coriolis move meters date again to the Fifties. However, it was not till 1970 that the applying of this expertise on this subject began. Until now, nothing has modified, regardless of enhancements to the meters for more correct measurements.
One of the unique designs of the move meter was that it had a single thin-walled tube. It was very correct; nonetheless, the practicality of the model was the first issue because of its vibration problem. To clear up this downside, the design was changed to a two-tube design instead of 1.
Despite going by way of completely different designs, the main principle of Coriolis move meters by no means changed. As materials flows via them, inertia is created via the oscillating tube and the tube twists. The number of twists is proportional to the mass move price. This is then measured by the flowmeter transmitter and sensor to provide a linear move sign.
There are a number of advantages to using a Coriolis flow meter. One of them is that it is very accurate. These circulate meters are extra commonly used to measure numerous petroleum merchandise similar to crude oil and natural gasoline. The major point of the flow meter is that it primarily measures mass circulate somewhat than quantity. It is finest fitted to measuring petroleum products because the main concern in measuring these merchandise is warmth quite than volume.
Typically, this kind of circulate meter is appropriate for pipes with diameters of 1 to four inches. Today, nevertheless, larger fashions are more available than ever earlier than. The only drawback of the Coriolis flowmeter could also be that it’s dearer than different kinds of metering systems. This is price it as a outcome of it is less expensive to maintain than other circulate meters.
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Electromagnetic move meter relies on Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction precept of producing a flowmeter to measure conductive liquids, from its measurement principle can be seen in its limitations: can’t measure steam and fuel, the measured medium should be conductive, and the conductivity can’t be less than 5μs/cm. Its benefit is that it could measure soiled, viscous and corrosive fluids, such as pulp, slurry, sewage, and so on.. No pressure loss caused by move detection, giant circulate range, wide selection of caliber, for big diameter pipeline can be utilized insertion sort electromagnetic flowmeter.
Electromagnetic flowmeter electrode and lining are in direct contact with the measured medium, so for the measured medium corrosive and working temperature to decide on the suitable electrode and lining supplies.
Vortex circulate meter
One of probably the most versatile circulate meters, the vortex circulate meter, can easily measure the flow of gases, liquids, and steam.
In years past, vortex flowmeters lacked the necessary approvals to be used in industry. However, in 2007, the American Petroleum Institute approved a draft standard for the use of this flowmeter. Since that point, several firms within the industry have been actively working with API to additional develop the standard and its approval.
The commonplace is applicable to liquid, vapor and gasoline flows and was expanded for further use in 2010. Although there is an uncertain future, the design is evident for the presence of gases and liquids. In current years, vortex flowmeters have had a limited impression in the marketplace, however the choice for future companies is steadily rising. However, due to other competitors similar to ultrasonic, differential strain and turbine circulate meters, it has had little impact on the gas commerce delivery market.
เกจวัดน้ำยาแอร์refco use a mechanical rotor which is connected to a shaft inside a pipe. It is then used to measure the amount of the fuel, fluid or steam passing via the pipe. As the substance passes through the pipe, the rotor rotates at its pace, depending on the speed at which the substance is passing through the pipe. The rotational velocity ensuing from the rotation of the rotor is determined by method of a sensor or different mechanical technique.
Typically, magnetism is used to allow the sensor to take readings from the rotor, with the magnet situated on the outside of the pipe. Through the use of a signal, the sensor and transmitter determine the amount of fabric flowing within the pipe.
Turbine move meters are very cheap by method of pricing. In addition, they offer extra accurate results when the substance being measured is a fuel or any other material that is freed from particles at low move charges.
One disadvantage of using a turbine flowmeter is that it doesn’t adapt well to altering flow charges, as the mechanical components can wear closely and need to be replaced instantly. In addition, turbine meters work greatest when measuring the mass of a gasoline with unknown traits.
In addition to its makes use of, it is commonly used as a billing meter to measure fuel or water in industrial, industrial and residential buildings. In this respect, nevertheless, it competes with volumetric move meters. The latter is extra appropriate for measuring pipes of 1.5 to 10 inches in size, whereas the turbine flow meter is finest suited for pipes of 10 inches or extra in size.
Thermal circulate meter
In its primary sense, a thermal circulate meter measures the rate at which warmth dissipates as it is injected instantly right into a gas stream. In most cases, thermal move meters are used completely to measure gases.
The heat dissipation depends on the composition and temperature of the gasoline. When the composition or temperature is minimized or this level of accuracy is inside acceptable parameters, the thermal flowmeter is your greatest option.
Differential circulate meter
Like its distant relative, the ultrasonic move meter, it also measures the move through the pipe. It differs from different flowmeters in that it uses Bernoulli’s equation. In addition, differential flow meters use constriction to sluggish the circulate and stress of fabric in the pipe.
As the circulate stress slowly will increase, the magnitude of the stress drop will increase proportionally. The information from this occasion is transmitted over completely different sets of strain readings. Using this info, it is potential to calculate the strain differential to measure the volumetric circulate price.
Differential move meters are often low-cost. And there are also totally different variations for various substances to make correct measurements for each fluid. However, gases are a particular case as a outcome of to have the ability to get correct readings for a particular fuel, differential flow meters should be used in combination with other sensors for various factors corresponding to temperature, pressure, gasoline composition and fuel density.
Although it is a wonderful flowmeter in its own right, business prefers other types of metering systems. This is especially as a outcome of its inaccuracy in phrases of other components similar to temperature, pressure, etc. In addition, so as to acquire probably the most accurate gas measurements, it must be used in mixture with different sensors or a special model of differential stress flowmeter altogether. Due to the above elements, it’s tough to obtain accurate readings. This is mainly the explanation why the oil and gasoline business prefers different types of metering, particularly when coping with gases.
Positive displacement move meter
There are various kinds of constructive displacement circulate meters: oval gear, piston, rotary, diaphragm, chapter-actuated disc and screw.
Volumetric flow meters can be used for quite lots of things involving commercial, industrial and residential functions. They are most commonly used to measure gas circulate. However, turbine flowmeters compete with volumetric flowmeters on this regard. One of its benefits over turbine flowmeters is that it excels at handling a gradual move in pipes 10 inches in diameter or smaller.
Both diaphragm and rotary volumetric flowmeters are usually used to measure gas circulate. The latter is most well-liked over rivals similar to Coriolis flowmeters, primarily as a end result of volumetric flowmeters don’t have the trade approvals required for area applications.
Oil and fuel circulate meter selection
The primary factors to suppose about in selecting a suitable flowmeter include: fluid traits, flowmeter characteristics requirements, set up circumstances, environmental circumstances, and cost.
In addition, the number of circulate meters can not totally pursue high efficiency and high precision, which not only increases the purchase price, but in addition will increase the price of spare elements. It can be essential to contemplate the calibration and maintenance of move meters.
Accurate measurement and regulation of fluid move is the idea for making certain the security of petrochemical production process, bettering product high quality and reducing vitality consumption. Due to the complexity and variety of move measurement media, there is no universal sort of flowmeter, no flowmeter may be utilized to any totally different situations of every kind of media. Each type of flowmeter has its benefits and limitations of measurement, different principles, totally different structures, different capabilities of the flowmeter in their respective relevant scope play a role. Therefore, the choice of flowmeter must comply with the standard specs and choice rules on the similar time complete consideration of various components affecting flow measurement.
Extended reading:
Solvent flow meter
Sewage flowmeter
Ultrasonic move meter working precept
Liquid flow meter